Apple Logistics and Operations Management

Questions: 1. Detail of the significance of procedure structure on the item or service.2. The general point and goals of the item utilizing process design.3. Phases of the item to outline the plan concept.4. Investigation of the effect of the presentation targets on the structure. Answers: Presentation The picked association is Apple, and the item that will be adjusted is the Apple Watch. The adjustment is to be made to build its degrees of water obstruction. Apple Inc. had built up a savvy and had named it as Apple Watch. It has been joined with wellness following and wellbeing focused abilities with combination with iOS and different items and administrations that are offered by Apple. It is accessible in four varieties to be specific, Apple Watch Hermes, Apple Watch Sport, Apple Watch Edition and Apple Watch. It is conceivable to recognize it in different mixes of cases and groups that are first gathering or outsider compatible. The Watch relies upon an iPhone that is associated remotely to it to play out the default capacities like messaging or calling. It is steady with the iPhone 5 or the later models that run iOS or later, by utilizing Bluetooth. Tim Cook had declared it on the ninth day of September 2014, and it was made accessible for pre-request on April 10, 2015. The tra nsportation had started on the twenty-fourth day of April 2015. The principle target of the item was liberating individuals from their mobile phones. 1. Detail of the significance of procedure structure on the item or administration The Watch as referenced before comes in four varieties (Shen 2015). It contains two sizes of cases, one of the 38mm and another of 42mm (Taylor 2015). The ties of the watch can be changed. It additionally incorporates a computerized crown' that can be gone to scroll or to zoom and squeezed to come back to the home screen (McNulty 2015). It likewise has a touch screen highlighting the innovation of Force Touch that makes the watch touchy to weight and equipped for separating between a press and a tap (Hanewich-Hollatz 2015). It has a catch on its side that can be utilized for showing the contacts list or for getting to Apple Pay. The battery of the gadget is appraised for eighteen hours of blended use by Apple. Inductive charging is utilized as a strategy for charging the watch by utilizing a link that is indistinguishable from the link of MagSafe (Ingber 2016). At the point when the battery of the watch gets drained to 10%, the client is given alarms and is welcome to empower a force save mode that allows the client to continue perusing the ideal opportunity for seventy two extra hours. On reviving, the watch gets returned to its unique mode. The watch is unequivocally not showcased by Apple as to be waterproof (Strawbridge 2013). It expresses that it can endure water sprinkles like hand washing and downpour, however submersion isn't suggested. However, the consequences of outer checking by The Iconfactory and the others have uncovered the way that the watch can work in conditions in any event, when it is lowered like swimming (Reiss 2014). In any case, the touch screen carries on unpredictably when it is lowered. Notwithstanding it, the water utilization may void the guarantee, setting up that the harm had been brought about by utilizing the item outside the rules distributed by Apple, and the applications that exploit probably won't be permitted according to the arrangements of the App Store (Kamardeen 2015). The arrangements restrain the distributing of those applications which prompt the clients for utilizing gadgets in manners which may carry harm to them. Consequently, it is incredibly basic to alter the item to make it waterproof or to expand its degrees of water obstruction. It must be adjusted such that it very well may be lowered, and there would be no issues emerging when utilized during swimming or related exercises. There are individuals who like to swim and appreciate water sports. Likewise, individuals get doused in the downpour now and again, and the watch is presented to water. The alterations must be made particularly by remembering them. The change must affect the approaches of Apple as well. The arrangements must be with the end goal that the watch can be utilized to be lowered in the water. 2. The general point and targets of the item utilizing process plan The general point and destinations of Apple Watch utilizing process configuration are to build up the item in such a manner along these lines, that it may have the option to satisfy the underneath referenced purposes: The watch may have the option to be dropped or exposed to different impacts. The watch might have the option to be lowered in water for a significant stretch. The exercises like washing and swimming would have the option to be finished with the watch. The watch would have the option to be presented to water that is pressurized or water that is of high speed like water skiing, fly skiing, wake loading up, showering, surfing, and so on (Michael and Michael 2015). The watch must be created such that it is ready to be worn in a steam or sauna room (Kusume and Gridley 2013). By and by, the watch has a rating of water obstruction of IPX7 under the IEC standard 60529 (Thompson et al. 2012). The rating demonstrates that the item is fit for getting by in water for thirty minutes up to a meter (Riches 2015). Be that as it may, on the off chance that it is inundated further than one meter in water or over thirty minutes, it could spell fate. Subsequently, it is essential to build the ebb and flow water obstruction rating of the item so it can withstand the water at more profound levels or for a more extended period. 3. Phases of the item to delineate the structure idea There are numerous phases of change of the Apple Watch (Anderson 2015). The procedure must be performed by a lot of individuals like the mechanical architects, the field specialists like the imminent clients, engineer, and so on. The techniques for adjustment ought to be centered around improving the water-safe highlights by conceptualizing different thoughts, making mock models, and afterward the created item would be produced (Jiang 2014). After the culmination of the item, the fashioners need to screen and assess the item to check whether the watch has met the necessary desires or if further changes are required to be done. The procedure needs to follow three areas for altering the watch, and they are examined underneath: Investigation The item originators must choose to focus on the venture of adjusting the watch and to discover an answer for the issue. The assets should be pooled to make sense of how the work can be productively illuminated. Legitimate research is required to be accomplished for the assortment of explicit materials that would be useful in making sense of the answer for the previously mentioned issue. Idea The principle issue of the issue is to be characterized, and the states of the regions of the issue would turn into the objectives, and the requirements on the circumstance become the rules inside which the new plan ought to be made. Amalgamation The item originators must weigh different thoughts and answers for the issue. This must not include any judgment or predisposition. It ought to be centered around building unique thoughts. At this point the item architects should focus in a portion of their thoughts that can make the venture of adjusting the watch to be fruitful. They should plan their techniques from those thoughts. The models should then be built, the procedures that are illustrated in the above advance are to be actualized and afterward the adjusted item would be created. The item so adjusted is to be tried, and further enhancements are to be performed. It might be the last phase of the item change, yet that doesn't show that the procedure is finished. On the off chance that the watch isn't adjusted or changed to coordinate its desires, new thoughts ought to be thought of and applied in like manner. 4. Examination of the effect of the exhibition goals on the structure The examination of the impact of the exhibition goals of the structure can be clarified in the beneath referenced focuses: To fundamentally comprehend the turn of events and advancement of the item The turn of events and the advancement of the watch must be seen basically. The highlights that are to be included must be clear and explicit with the goal that the improvement can be made true to form. The escape clauses in the past model of the watch that was propelled by Apple were not water evidence and thus the clients had confronted significant issues when they had utilized it while swimming and washing. The approach that was utilized for the watch didn't allow the watch to be lowered. Subsequently, the watch should be altered such that it tends to have the option to be utilized during washing, swimming and other water exercises. The particulars of the watch should be changed with the goal that the client can wear the watch and play out the previously mentioned exercises. It is extremely vital to see in this manner the progressions that are required to be accomplished for the alteration of the item. In the event that the necessary exercises are not appropriately comprehended or if the highlights that are to be joined are not fundamentally comprehended, the alterations can't be completed as arranged. The motivation behind the adjustment of the watch won't be effective, and the clients won't have the option to take care of the issues that the current clients are looking with the watch. On the off chance that the clients are happy with the as good as ever item, it will make Apple progressively mainstream, and the client base would be extraordinarily expanded. To fundamentally investigate the estimating techniques utilized by Apple At the point when the item is propelled with the new highlights guzzled in it, the estimating methodologies of Apple should be basically examined as well. The excellent valuing procedure and separation should be utilized in such manner. The target must not be to sell the watch requiring little to no effort. It must be to sell a decent watch that has all the highlights of an extraordinary telephone that would give a generally excellent encounter to the clients. Very good quality ought to be engaged in this. Benefits ought to be organized over the piece of the overall industry. A corona impact ought to be made which would cause the clients to starve for the Apple watch. The changed

Symbols and Symbolism in A Raisin in the Sun †Dream Symbolism :: Raisin Sun essays

A Raisin in the Sun †Dream Symbolism   A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, depicts the life of a dark family living in an awful area of Chicago. There are numerous issues in this family, yet for the most part it rotates around the character of Mama and how she yearns to give her family a superior life through the cash she gets when her significant other kicks the bucket. Additionally, the family manages the prejudice in Chicago in the 1950's entangling the acknowledgment Mama had always wanted for the family just as other family clashes that surface when cash is gone into the condition.   A Raisin in the Sun is fundamentally about dreams, as the primary characters battle to manage the harsh conditions that standard their lives. The Youngers battle to accomplish these fantasies all through the play, and a lot of their joy and wretchedness is straightforwardly identified with their achievement of, or inability to achieve, these fantasies. Before the finish of the play, they discover that the fantasy of a house is the most significant dream since it joins the family.   Gracious - So now it's life. Cash is life. Sometime in the distant past opportunity used to be life- - presently it's cash. I surmise the world truly change. Mama is Walter and Beneatha's touchy and cherishing mother and the leader of the Younger family. She requests that individuals from her family regard themselves and invest wholeheartedly in their fantasies. Mother requests that the loft wherein they all live consistently be flawless and clean. She supports her convictions and gives point of view from a more seasoned age. She puts stock in endeavoring to succeed while keeping up her ethical limits. Cash is just an unfortunate obligation for Mama; dreams are more imperative to her than material things, and her fantasy is to possess a house with a nursery and yard where Travis can play. The accompanying citation happens in Act I, scene ii when Mama asks Walter for what good reason he generally discusses cash. Walter at that point answers cash is life, disclosing to her that that he accepts that achievement is about how much cash you have. This discussion happens from the get-go in the play and uncovers Mama's and Walter's cash battles, and it goes to show the distinction in their ages.

4 Productivity Hacks for Using Dropbox and MeisterTask Together - Focus

4 Productivity Hacks for Using Dropbox and MeisterTask Together - Focus If you’re a MeisterTask user with a Dropbox account, this post is written especially for you. Here are four ways that you can connect and use these two tools together that will make task management and file sharing more streamlined and efficient! 1. Easy Attachments via The MeisterTask Attachment Picker Attach files to any MeisterTask task directly from Dropbox using the attachment picker (the little pop-up box that appears when you click on Add Attachment within a MeisterTask task). Simply select Dropbox from the available destination options, log in to your Dropbox account, choose the file you’d like to add and Bob’s your uncle! Your file will be available as an attachment in your task for other members of your team to download, view, interact with and more. This applies to videos, images, and documents. Working with an external marketing agency who just sent you a Dropbox link to the latest ad visuals? Add the visuals to your MeisterTask task and mention your team, everyone is able to comment on which one looks best! 2. Automatically Add Files to Your MeisterTask Task You can add attachments or files automatically to your MeisterTask task with the help of Zapier. Create a free Zapier account that’ll allow you to easily integrate your Dropbox and MeisterTask accounts so that you can start making Zaps. Then create a Zap that will be triggered every time a new file is added to your chosen Dropbox folder. The file can then be uploaded (again automatically) to any task of your choice! Say you’re in charge of updating your company’s organogram and have been tasked to obtain new photos of all employees. All images can be saved to the relevant Dropbox folder, and this trigger will send them all to one task, taking the manual work out of the process. That task can then be reassigned to your graphics department.   Choose the Zap that allows you to automatically add new Dropbox files to a task on MeisterTask.   Not sure what we mean by Zapier and Zaps? Check out this blog post explaining everything you need to know. 3. Link To Dropbox Documents In Task Description Need everyone to have quick access to a document you’re working on? You can paste the Dropbox link to it straight into your MeisterTask task’s description. Instantly, everyone watching that task will have access to your document (provided that you’ve given them the adequate Dropbox permissions). No need for sending out a separate mail â€" all relevant information and data can be stored in one central place. This also means that everyone working on your document will have access to the most recent, updated version.   4. Automatically Create a New Task Every Time a New File is Added to Dropbox Again, using Zapier! Work in HR and posted a job lately? You can easily manage your incoming CVs and related tasks using MeisterTask and Zapier.   Human Resource employees know the feeling of waking up to a very full inbox, especially after a job has been advertised. Hundreds of emails from very eager candidates, every person waiting for a response. That usually means sorting through many applications in order to determine who’d need to be sent declines and who’d be the best candidates to invite for an interview. When you have twenty or even fifty email applications to go through that’s not a big problem, but anything more runs the risk of an ideal candidate being overlooked. Using MeisterTask to manage the hiring process will make sure that you know at a glance which applications you’ve received, which of them have been answered, and which ones still need your attention. Create a Zap that will automatically turn your CV applications into tasks. Take it a step further and use another Zap that will automatically save emails from potential candidates CVs to Dropbox. 4 Productivity Hacks for Using Dropbox and MeisterTask Together - Focus If you’re a MeisterTask user with a Dropbox account, this post is written especially for you. Here are four ways that you can connect and use these two tools together that will make task management and file sharing more streamlined and efficient! 1. Easy Attachments via The MeisterTask Attachment Picker Attach files to any MeisterTask task directly from Dropbox using the attachment picker (the little pop-up box that appears when you click on Add Attachment within a MeisterTask task). Simply select Dropbox from the available destination options, log in to your Dropbox account, choose the file you’d like to add and Bob’s your uncle! Your file will be available as an attachment in your task for other members of your team to download, view, interact with and more. This applies to videos, images, and documents. Working with an external marketing agency who just sent you a Dropbox link to the latest ad visuals? Add the visuals to your MeisterTask task and mention your team, everyone is able to comment on which one looks best! 2. Automatically Add Files to Your MeisterTask Task You can add attachments or files automatically to your MeisterTask task with the help of Zapier. Create a free Zapier account that’ll allow you to easily integrate your Dropbox and MeisterTask accounts so that you can start making Zaps. Then create a Zap that will be triggered every time a new file is added to your chosen Dropbox folder. The file can then be uploaded (again automatically) to any task of your choice! Say you’re in charge of updating your company’s organogram and have been tasked to obtain new photos of all employees. All images can be saved to the relevant Dropbox folder, and this trigger will send them all to one task, taking the manual work out of the process. That task can then be reassigned to your graphics department.   Choose the Zap that allows you to automatically add new Dropbox files to a task on MeisterTask.   Not sure what we mean by Zapier and Zaps? Check out this blog post explaining everything you need to know. 3. Link To Dropbox Documents In Task Description Need everyone to have quick access to a document you’re working on? You can paste the Dropbox link to it straight into your MeisterTask task’s description. Instantly, everyone watching that task will have access to your document (provided that you’ve given them the adequate Dropbox permissions). No need for sending out a separate mail â€" all relevant information and data can be stored in one central place. This also means that everyone working on your document will have access to the most recent, updated version.   4. Automatically Create a New Task Every Time a New File is Added to Dropbox Again, using Zapier! Work in HR and posted a job lately? You can easily manage your incoming CVs and related tasks using MeisterTask and Zapier.   Human Resource employees know the feeling of waking up to a very full inbox, especially after a job has been advertised. Hundreds of emails from very eager candidates, every person waiting for a response. That usually means sorting through many applications in order to determine who’d need to be sent declines and who’d be the best candidates to invite for an interview. When you have twenty or even fifty email applications to go through that’s not a big problem, but anything more runs the risk of an ideal candidate being overlooked. Using MeisterTask to manage the hiring process will make sure that you know at a glance which applications you’ve received, which of them have been answered, and which ones still need your attention. Create a Zap that will automatically turn your CV applications into tasks. Take it a step further and use another Zap that will automatically save emails from potential candidates CVs to Dropbox.

The For Stability And Power Balance Essay - 963 Words

The wish for stability and power balance is perceivable in the above mentioned Petition of Scap-topara. This quote can be taken as an evidence for the lack of security and the growing dissatis-faction of the civic population. 4. Religion The leading religious belief in the Roman Empire was paganism. Besides the pagans, which ho-nored their gods, were always other religions and beliefs represented throughout the empire, but those were never able to get the upper hand. 4.1 Decius Then Christianity came: The first acts of christian martyrs, reported by Eusebius, occured in the years 155/156. (Lewis Reinhold, 1990, P. 564). According to Lewis and Reinholds, violent or unjust treatment of christians took place in a local and not in a througout the empire organized dimension until the mid thrid century. The first christian persecution was lead by Decius’ imperi-al order in 249-251. To prevent the appearance of a christian state within the Roman Empire, Decius established a law, which demanded from every citizen the prof of religious loyalty, „which was certified in writing by the commisioners.â€Å" (Lewis Reinhold, 1990, P. 566). An example of such a piece of evidence for religious belief follows: „To those superintending the sacrifices of the village of Theadelphia, from Aurelia Bellias, daughter of Peteres, and her daugh-ter Capinis. We have sacrificed to the gods all along, and now in your presence according to or-ders I poured a libation and sacrificed and tasted of theShow MoreRelatedThe Governing Principles Of The Balance Of Power Theory And Polarity Failed778 Words   |  4 PagesThe governing principles of the balance of power theory and polarity failed to predict the outbreak of the first world war. To understand the dangers of grand simplifications such as the two aforementioned principles it’s best to contrast how they viewed international relations precluding the war with how the actual state of affairs and its consequences. Prior to the first world war, the world was in a state of multipolarity with a multitude of empires vying for power [Brown and Ainley, 21]. DuringRead MoreThe Co ld War And The Pre Wwi Conditions1591 Words   |  7 PagesTo comprehend the significance of Balance of Power, we ought to make the inquiry of what we see by `power’. Although it’s hard to characterize or quota it, power is the capacity to â€Å"do something or act in a particular way† or even Nye (2009:65) contends â€Å"the ability to achieve one’s purposes or goals.† At the end of the day, the possibility to impact other individuals to do what you need them to do. As several academics would approve that balance of power can scarcely have an accurate meaning. InRead MoreEssay about Great Power Hegemony747 Words   |  3 Pages St no: 1B1019 Great power hegemony There is a question that which system (empire, balance of power, concert of power or great power hegemony) provides the best conditions for advancing peace, prosperity and civilization? There are several opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of each system and the functions, abilities and disabilities of them to maintaining the peace and stability in international arena. But I want to argue on hegemonic power system as a preventer of warRead MoreAspects of the American Political System: Checks and Balances1260 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The American system of checks and balances is a recipe for political gridlock rather than a security against unrestrained power The three branches of the national government have been installed using a system of checks and balances that were meant to guarantee that none of the branches exceeded its limits. The legislative, executive, and judicial divisions of the national government are each capable of challenging actions performed by the others. Through using either of these branches, bodiesRead MoreChoosing the Right Shoes for Exercising Essay725 Words   |  3 Pagesyou are hitting the pavement. However, they are not the correct shoes for weight training. They limit strength and prevent proper lifting techniques. - Lack of stability. The soles of running shoes are squishy. This makes it difficult to predict the behavior during a session. It makes it challenging to control the technique. - Loss of power. The soles of these types of shoes absorb the force when hitting the ground. Instead of focusing that force toward ground, we want to move it towards the weightRead MoreHow International Orders Emerge And How They Change1595 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals to gain more power for defense. That society will claim territory and sovereignty to become a state. When that state interacts with other states on the international scene, they become central actors in the international system. Since that international system is anarchic in its nature, every state will seek to gain more power in order to protect itself. States which gain more power, will be major players in the international system and those great power states will form an orderRead MoreAnalysis Of The Advancement Of Postwar Order1434 Words   |  6 Pagesexplains the different ways that order can be reestablished, and how postwar order has evolved from Balance of Powers, to Hegemony, to present day Constitu tionalism. He aims to address three main points throughout his book: The choices that the winners of the war face in regards to establishing order, the reasoning behind choosing their specific mode of order reestablishment, and the lasting stability of 1945 postwar order (Ikenberry 3). In my analysis I explain the different modes of postwar reestablishmentRead MoreThe Rise Of China Is Destroying The United States1417 Words   |  6 Pagesaway from becoming a global superpower. Using the theoretical lenses of Hegemonic Stability, Balance of Power, and Realism, this paper will argue that the rise of China as global hegemon lacks theoretical support; while in fact China is growing militarily, economically, and politically, it will not replace the United States (US) as Global Hegemon. To contextualize, this paper will first define the concept of power and hegemony in International Relations (IR). Cox (1983) took an adaptation of Gramsci’sRead More Presidential vs. Parliamentary Political Systems Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesThere are two main types of political systems, one being a presidential system and the other being a parliamentary system. Both of them have their own benefits as well as their own disadvantages. 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The American Pets Products Association - 1170 Words

For years now, the lives and fate of homeless animals has been at stake. From overpopulation in shelters, abused dogs in mills, kill shelters opening up across the country, and private breeders breeding excessively, animals everywhere are loosing their lives because of these issues. â€Å"There are still more than 70 million homeless pets living in the U.S. Of these 70 million needy animals, only around six to seven million are put into shelters each year,† (Henn). Many of these animals without homes, are not even in shelters and are instead dying on the streets because there are too many to rescue in the small amount of time rescuers have. This expanding issue of animals being mistreated needs to come to an end. Many different problems are the†¦show more content†¦Potential dog owners typically have a breed of dog in mind when trying to purchase a new friend. These breeds are usually purebred dogs because new owners do research on different types of dogs to find the best match for their families. What they do not know is that most shelters do carry purebred dogs, in fact 25 percent of dogs in shelters are purebred. As Cabral states, â€Å"Before getting a dog from a breeder, visit your local shelter and contact breed specific recuse shelters for a specific breed of dog.† Meaning, even though private breeder do have purebreds, be sure to check breed specific rescue shelters that are available for ever breed of dog there is. Not only do people associate the factor of purebreds being associated with private breeders, but they believe the myth of dogs from breeders being a superiority as well. â€Å"Consumers looking for a new family pet are willing to pay exuberant amounts of money for a purebred dog because they are told that the puppy has been raised in a loving environment and will grow up to have a friendly disposition with minimal health problems,† (Henn). These customers are under the assumption that because they are being rais ed by one person in an open place, they automatically are free from behavioral and health issues, when this is not the case at all. This myth has been around since breeders began, and they will not deny this either because it gets them more money and customers. Yet, this could not possibly be true because

Beneath the Cross Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France Free Essays

Barbara B. Diefendorf, a distinguished historian, narrates the events prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in France. We will write a custom essay sample on Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France or any similar topic only for you Order Now The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a way for the ruling French monarchy to dispose or eliminate all Huguenots in France. After the Protestant Reformation in Germany, there was a diversification of the Protestant faith all over Europe. In Switzerland, Zwingli established a sect that mixed Orthodox Catholicism and Lutheranism. In England, Henry VIII declared himself as the supreme head of the Church of England, without changing traditional elements of Catholic faith. In Geneva, a zealous preacher, John Calvin, taught the doctrine of predestination. According to this doctrine, before a man is born, his soul was ordained by God to be in either heaven or hell. Man, even by his own freewill, cannot change his destination. Thus, in order to assail his own salvation, he must show to the world that he is destined to heaven. The trajectory of life, according to Calvin, is cloaked with uncertainty of the afterlife. This doctrine shocked the even Calvin’s Protestant contemporaries, notably Luther and Zwingli. The Pope even agreed with other Protestant leaders that such faith could not be Christian or borne out of Christ-centered faith. Thus, the first seed of persecution was released. Among all Protestant faiths, Calvinism suffered the longest and most brutal persecution. Other factors also contributed to the Calvinist persecution in Europe (especially in France). Among were as follows: 1) The Huguenots were able to acquire political and economic power (thus assuming significance in European affairs; 2) The new faith rejected the absolute power of the monarchy. It proposed a new social system that relies heavily on communalism and brotherhood; 3) And, pressure from the Papacy forced Catholic countries to realign their policies toward traditional faith and social system (this was a reactionary move to the ideals of Calvinism). Main Theme of the Book In the book, the main theme can be summed up as: the gradual toleration of Huguenots in France generally resulted to increasing persecution of the adherents of Calvinism (although Huguenots comprised only 5% of the French population). The resulting struggle between Catholics and Huguenots was known as â€Å"The Wars of Religion. † For more than two centuries, France was the scene of legal and military struggle between the two factions, until Cardinal Richelieu (the regent of Louis XIII) and King Louis XIV destroyed the last bastions of Huguenots in France. The main theme is subdivided into three sub themes. Here are as follows: 1) The first stage of the conflict (from 1557 to 1563) was characterized by breakdown of order in the city of Paris. The Huguenots were initially granted toleration in the Edict of Amboise; 2) The second stage (from 1563 to 1577) was seen as the initial criss-cross theological battle of Catholic and Huguenot theologians in some of Europe’s prestigious universities. Catholic theologians were led by the Jesuits. Huguenot professors were headed by the first students of Calvin; 3) The third stage (from 1567 to 1572) was provoked by religious discontent of both Catholics and Huguenots. Catholics (especially the nobility and the French monarchy) wanted the deterioration of the economic and political power of the Huguenots. The Huguenots demanded more toleration (the opening of more districts for Huguenot worship and the removal of Huguenot books from the list of forbidden books). This was the period prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Massacre. Results Many Catholics in France felt that the degree of toleration granted to the Huguenots (the followers of Calvin) was more than enough to destroy the authority of the Church and the Catholic monarchy. There was an increasing call among traditionalists to destroy the very foundation of Calvinism: their worship districts. Admiral Coligny, the leader of the Huguenots, was severely wounded after an assassination. Several clashes between Catholic and Huguenots were notably in most of France’s major cities. On the night of august 23, a decision was taken at the Louvre to kill Coligny and the entire Huguenot hierarchy. Catherine de Medici, the mother queen, forced his son Charles IX to sign the order. Thus the infamous massacre in history finally came. Generally, the result of â€Å"The Wars of Religion† was the destruction of Huguenot power and the restoration of Catholicism as the official state religion of France. Methods The use of â€Å"historical documents† was highly noted in the book. Several documents dating back to the sixteenth century were presented to compound the main thoughts of the author. There was also a heavy reliance on the use of autobiographies, especially that of the Huguenot leaders who survived the massacre. In general, the methods used by the author were complex in structure and analytical in form. General Critique The author was able to historically â€Å"slice† the events prior to the Huguenot massacre. This is unlike other history books where events were seen as linear progression of cause and effect. Here, events were treated as a web of related forms, leading to a major event. It failed though to explain the â€Å"conditions† which gave Huguenots tremendous power in France despite their minute number. BIBLIOGRAPHY Diefendorf, Barbara B. Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris. (New York: Oxford UP, 1991). How to cite Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France, Papers

Trouble River Essays - Clay County, Iowa, Dewey Readmore Books

Trouble River Trouble River Author: Betsy Byars It was a cool summer evening, and Dewey's grandmother sat in her rocking chair on the porch. She was thinking to herself its getting dark I better call that boy in. So she got up form her chair and called Deweeee Deweeee. There was no answer so she decided to go get him herself. She walked down to the woods edge and called for him once again. Dewey answered, then Dewey and his dog came running back up the hill. Then together then they walked back to the house. When in the house Dewey's grandmother asked him what he was doing down there in the woods. He reluctantly told her he was building a raft cause he knew she would disagree with him doing that. That night Dewey was planning on sneaking out to work on his raft. So later that night he walked over to the door pulled up the bar, and went out to the river. From the river he had a clear view of the house. While down at the river he kept making sure he was keeping an eye on the door, since it wasn't barred shut. Then after a little time passed Dewey noticed there was a man slowly creeping up to the house. Dewey could see it was an Indian. So Dewey and his dog ran up the hill, and tried to creep up to the house. When the Indian was about to open the door, Dewey knew he couldn't let the Indian get inside. So Dewey and his dog went running up to the house. Dewey's dog bit the Indian and hung on to his skin the Indian shook him wildly till he fell off. The Indian whacked the dog on the back of his leg with his hatchet then the Indian ran away. Dewey ran inside and got his grandmother telling her that he had seen an Indian. She said there is never just one Indian there is always a group. She said they were gonna die if they didn't get out of there. So Dewey said I have an idea instead of staying here and getting scalped lets go down to the river and ride my raft down river. We can get out at the Dargans house then we can wait there and meet up with his ma and pa before they come back from the city. She was very hesitant but she finally agreed they got all their important possessions and set out for the river. When she got to the bank she was surprised how small the boat was. So they got aboard and Dewey started paddeling away from the bank. They both knew it would be a long time till they got to the Dargans place so they sat down and started on their way. The next day in the late afternoon they decided to stop and get off the raft to take a rest. So Dewey pushed the raft to the side till they struck bottom. Then they got out and put a blanket down where they sat and ate a meal of cornmeal and water. After a long nap, they got up and were ready to board the boat when they heard a wolf coming form the brush. It wasn't just one it was a pack. So Dewey picked up the gun fired one shot then ran to the boat. Once they were both on the boat they started back on their trip. Then the next morning they saw the Dargans chimney standing high on the hill. After pulling themselves to shore Dewey ran up to the house but when he got there, there was nothing but a pile of ashes. The house had been burned to the ground all that was left was the stone fireplace. So Dewey ran back to the raft and told his grandmother that the Indians had already gotten to them and burned down the house. So they decided to ride the rest of the river out to Hunter City. The next morning Dewey awoke and heard a strange noise his grandmother heard it to. They both knew there was a bunch of rapids upahead. Then once they hit the turn they

3 Important Things All New Truck Drivers Need to Know

3 Important Things All New Truck Drivers Need to Know The trucking life sounds like it could be a country song: open road, deadlines to meet, lone soul getting it done. But the reality is that it’s a career like any other, and shares a lot of the same hard truths and anxiety points that affect people just starting out in any industry. Here are three things you should expect from your first year on the road. 1. It’s going to be tough out there.You’re literally putting in the miles. Maybe you’re homesick, or being in a truck cab for 20 hours a day isn’t quite what you thought it would be like. Many newbie truckers opt out during that first year, having decided that it wasn’t the right job for them. However, it’s important to know that if you can stick it out, life will get easier. Expect to make hard decisions about whether this is really the right choice for you.2. Your trucking company is just like any other workplace.Even though you’re not sitting in a cubicle for eight hours a da y, you will face some of the same workplace expectations and constraints as regular office workers. Set performance expectations with your bosses, and be open with them about your progress. Remember, someone is trusting you with their cargo- it can take time to build that trust and be able to have the kind of relationship where they know you’ll get it done.3.   You will need to be flexible.Things will not always go 100% as planned. There are so many variables out on the road (weather, traffic, the unpredictability of other drivers) that chances are at some point you’ll need to do some creative problem solving to get where you need to go. Whether that’s working with suppliers to correct a mistake (did Car Parts Inc. really order the 5 tons of cotton candy the warehouse just put on your truck?) or figuring out how to make a tight deadline when you’re two states away and the snow’s about to start, don’t stress. There’s always a solutio n, and even though you may need to come up with it on the fly, expect the unexpected and you’ll be able to make it through.Once you get through this adjustment period and you’re a veteran driver, it might be time to write that hit song about your experiences traveling the country in a big rig. But in the meantime, keep your eyes on the road and get ready for an interesting ride!Read More at greatcdltraining.com

Alcoholism - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Alcoholism - Smart Custom Writing Genetically Modified OrganismsIntroduction Genetically modified organisms are organisms whose genes have been altered by use of genetic means. The safety of GMOs is a source of ongoing debate. This is because GMOs are produced by cloning of genes of different organisms and if done uncontrollably, then there is the fear of using untested GMOs. In this essay we will examine the pros and cons of using genetically modified soya beans. Genetically modified soy Soybean is among the world’s provider of oil and protein. The soybean was commercially grown in the US in the 1950s and today the American Soybean Association exports about 50% of the soybeans to Japan while the European Union is the second largest market for US soybeans. In 1997-1999, GMOs in the US accounted for two thirds of all processed foods and today it is estimated that in the US, 91% of the soybeans planted were genetically modified. Soybeans are used for a variety of foods including soy beverages, tofu, soy flour, soy oil, bread, pastries, snack foods, baked products and edible oil products. Thus the soy beans are quiet important as they support a variety of foods and also for exports (Butcher M.) The idea of introducing bacterial genes into soybeans to enhance their growth, add nutritional contents and make them resistant to pests and diseases has now become a common thing in plant technology. At the same time, the safety of these foods produced by technology has attracted a lot of debate. The idea of introducing bacterial genes into plants as natural pesticides to eliminate chemical pesticide has been hotly debated by concerned people over the consequences of consuming these natural pesticides (Butcher M.). So the question is; is GM soy a health risk? Experiments done suggest that offspring born from GM soybeans have a low birth weight, there’s a high risk of death for the young ones consuming soy foods. Although the GM soy has been linked to sterility and infant mortality, debate still rages whether the GM soy is safe for use by man. Efforts to control gene expression have also been frustrated in some quarters heightening the risk A research carried out in Russian academy of sciences revealed that women who consume GM foods are at a higher risk of endangering their unborn babies. The research conducted using rats as an example found out that more than half of the offspring of rats that were fed on soybeans died in the first three weeks after birth. This was six times more than those born to mothers on normal soy. It was also found that six times of those under the GM diet were underweight. This is really worrying especially to humans as the morphology and biochemical structures of rats and humans are very similar as they point to a risk of mothers and their babies on soybeans food. The above experiment was done by Russian scientists who added flour from GM soy (from Monsanto) to the diet of female rats and mated them two weeks later, they then continued to feed them on GM soy during pregnancy, birth and nursing. Others were given normal soybean diet. The results showed that within three weeks, 55.6% of offspri ng’s whose mothers were fed on GM soy died compared to only 9% on non-GM soy. Also six times of the offspring’s on GM soy influence were severely underweight (Lean G. 2006).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion The issue of GM foods in our midst has drawn a lot of heated debate whether they are safe to use or not. Although restructured to be; insect resistant, drought resistant and have additional nutritional diet the consumption of soybean has been put in doubt over some experiments that were done. The experiments although done on rats showed that the GM soy can increase infant mortality rates and also severely reduce the offspring’s weight. Thus the issue of using GMOs before they are fully understood is an issue that needs to be looked at carefully.

Strategic Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Operation Management - Essay Example To begin with, Schmenner & Swink (1998) argue that operations management has its basis in the known theories of natural science. They argue that the discipline of operations management can explain the reasons why two production centers are not alike in their productivity. According to them, certain deductive laws such as Law of Variability, and the Law of Bottlenecks can explain the ways of improving productivity to a certain extent. Productivity gets hampered due to myriads of variability factors in the processes. It can be measured in terms of labor output, machine output, or total factor productivity output. Similarly, when bottleneck issues are addressed, overall productivity can be improved. The effect of above mentioned laws can be further augmented by certain other laws that have been derived out of real life experiences and they are: the Law of Scientific methods, the Law of Quality and the Law of Factory Focus. The law of scientific methods, for instance, is based on empiric al findings using industrial engineering tools. The law of quality states that productivity gets enhanced as quality of product improves through changes in processes or product design. The law of factory focus explains why outsourcing has become so popular in current times. The rationale is that only core functions are focused within the unit and all other activities such as small component or utility services are procured from outside sources. Other processes or parts are outsourced to those who can better produce them more efficiently and can be assigned as their core activities. In recent years, supply chain management has been a most crucial issue for several transnational companies. They not only market their products globally but operate several production centers across several countries. Their success in these countries depends upon how efficiently they manage and coordinate different activities. Supply chain management is becoming more and more crucial for their success. Se veral theories have emerged in last decade or so that revolve around supply chain management issues. Kor and Mahoney, (2004) argues about resource-based view theory that resources of the organization create, sustain and built competitive advantage of the firm. The origin of this theory goes back to the theory of comparative advantage proposed by famous economist David Ricardo. The crux of the theory lies in its recognition that resources are rare and cannot be substituted to gain competitive advantage. Many authors emphasize that in the changing world scenario, knowledge is a resource that is crucial for gaining competitive advantage. For most modern organizations, this is a discerning characteristic to differentiate from others (Grant, 1997). Strategic decision making has been cornerstone of the successful organization that is where Strategic Choice Theory comes into play. According to this theory, managers play a crucial role in making strategic decision to advance the organizatio n towards fulfilling its objectives (Ketchen and Hult, 2007). McNichols and Brennan (2006) propose Network perspective (NP) as an important theory that can be applied in augmenting supply chain management efficiency. According to NP theory, networks among the support organizations increase competencies and resource capabilities of firms through coordinated activities (Robert and Mackay, 1998). It

Public Tax Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Tax Policy - Essay Example Therefore, a public tax policy can be described as guidelines for actions that the executive or the administrative branches of a country’s governance should take. These actions are usually encompassed with essential principles and are usually of responsive nature (McGrail, Morgan, and Hertzman 160). As such, these actions are mostly adopted to respond to certain issues in a manner that can be identified as consistent with the country’s laws as well as customs of the institutions within that country. The stronghold of public policies in any country is the national law as well as the constitutional law, which is in most cases substantially established. In addition to this, the implementing legislation is also identified as fundamental to national policies. An example of this is the U.S federal code (McGrail, Morgan, and Hertzman 166). Judicial interpretations as well as the legislation authorized regulations make the rest of the substrates essential in establishing public taxpolicies. According to scholars, the most effective description of public policies is that they are a system of regulatory measures, funding priorities as well as actions taken with reference to a specified topic. It should not only be a topic but one that has been promulgated by the government representatives or the entity itself (Feehan 45). Commonly, the public policies are entailed such aspects as the judicial decisions, constitutions as well as in legislative acts (Howlett 36). II. Thesis Statement The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse the public tax policies adopted by the U.S and thereby determining if the founding fathers really made the right decisions concerning those policies (McGrail, Morgan, and Hertzman 170). III. Discussion Analysis of Govermental engagement in Public tax policies i. President’s Office In the US, the office of the president is usually mandated with the responsibility of ensuring that the government agents operate cohesively as well as optimumly with regard to govermantal projects. The funding of these projects comes from the public finances. Usually, the president designs the framework in from which implementation of the public tax policy will be done and passed to the U.S treasury and from there, this framework is released to the public (Feehan 46). In his Gettysburg address, Lincoln brought the U.S together while it was experiencing impairments. He did this by invoking the Founding fathers. This course of action can also be traceable in the actions of Franklin Roosevelt during his attempts to change the America’s social contract such that, apart from the security from hostility, he ensured that it also included the economic security which is a subject of a common good for the public (McGrail, Morgan, and Hertzman 176). Moreover, the process is usually multifaceted and it entails interplaying between individual groups as well as several individuals (Feehan 47). As such, these individuals and inter est groups engage themselves in collaborations in an effort to inflict an influence on the makers of the policies such that they will act in a certain manner. In an effort towards advancement of their aims, these interest groups and individuals utilize a wide range of tools as well as tactics. These include; mobilizing the affiliated parties on some issues, make explicit attempts not only to empower but also to educate the supporters as well as the opponents. In

Amplitude modulation

Amplitude modulation Amplitude modulation Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent. For example, changes in the signal strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker, or to specify the light intensity of television pixels. (Contrast this with frequency modulation, also commonly used for sound transmissions, in which the frequency is varied; and phase modulation, often used in remote controls, in which the phase is varied) In the mid-1870s, a form of amplitude modulation—initially called undulatory currents—was the first method to successfully produce quality audio over telephone lines. Beginning with Reginald Fessendens audio demonstrations in 1906, it was also the original method used for audio radio transmissions, and remains in use today by many forms of communication—AM is often used to refer to the mediumwave broadcast band (see AM radio). Forms of amplitude modulation As originally developed for the electric telephone, amplitude modulation was used to add audio information to the low-powered direct current flowing from a telephone transmitter to a receiver. As a simplified explanation, at the transmitting end, a telephone microphone was used to vary the strength of the transmitted current, according to the frequency and loudness of the sounds received. Then, at the receiving end of the telephone line, the transmitted electrical current affected an electromagnet, which strengthened and weakened in response to the strength of the current. In turn, the electromagnet produced vibrations in the receiver diaphragm, thus closely reproducing the frequency and loudness of the sounds originally heard at the transmitter. In contrast to the telephone, in radio communication what is modulated is a continuous wave radio signal (carrier wave) produced by a radio transmitter. In its basic form, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in two adjacent sidebands. This process is known as heterodyning. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal and is a mirror image of the other. Amplitude modulation that results in two sidebands and a carrier is often called double sideband amplitude modulation (DSB-AM). Amplitude modulation is inefficient in terms of power usage and much of it is wasted. At least two-thirds of the power is concentrated in the carrier signal, which carries no useful information (beyond the fact that a signal is present); the remaining power is split between two identical sidebands, though only one of these is needed since they contain identical information. To increase transmitter efficiency, the carrier can be removed (suppressed) from the AM signal. This produces a reduced-carrier transmission or double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSBSC) signal. A suppressed-carrier amplitude modulation scheme is three times more power-efficient than traditional DSB-AM. If the carrier is only partially suppressed, a double-sideband reduced-carrier (DSBRC) signal results. DSBSC and DSBRC signals need their carrier to be regenerated (by a beat frequency oscillator, for instance) to be demodulated using conventional techniques. Even greater efficiency is achieved—at the expense of increased transmitter and receiver complexity—by completely suppressing both the carrier and one of the sidebands. This is single-sideband modulation, widely used in amateur radio due to its efficient use of both power and bandwidth. A simple form of AM often used for digital communications is on-off keying, a type of amplitude-shift keying by which binary data is represented as the presence or absence of a carrier wave. This is commonly used at radio frequencies to transmit Morse code, referred to as continuous wave (CW) operation. In 1982, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) designated the various types of amplitude modulation as follows: Designation Description A3E double-sideband full-carrier the basic AM modulation scheme R3E single-sideband reduced-carrier H3E single-sideband full-carrier J3E single-sideband suppressed-carrier B8E independent-sideband emission C3F vestigial-sideband Lincompex linked compressor and expander Example: double-sideband AM A carrier wave is modeled as a simple sine wave, such as: c(t) = Ccdot sin(omega_c t + phi_c),, where the radio frequency (in Hz) is given by: omega_c / (2pi)., For generality, C,and phi_c,are arbitrary constants that represent the carrier amplitude and initial phase. For simplicity, we set their respective values to 1 and 0. Let m(t) represent an arbitrary waveform that is the message to be transmitted. And let the constant M represent its largest magnitude. For instance: m(t) = Mcdot cos(omega_m t + phi)., Thus, the message might be just a simple audio tone of frequency omega_m / (2pi)., It is generally assumed that omega_m ll omega_c, and that min[ m(t) ] = -M., Then amplitude modulation is created by forming the product: y(t), = [A + m(t)]cdot c(t),, = [A + Mcdot cos(omega_m t + phi)]cdot sin(omega_c t). A,represents another constant we may choose. The values A=1, and M=0.5, produce a y(t) depicted by the graph labelled 50% Modulation in 4. For this simple example, y(t) can be trigonometrically manipulated into the following equivalent form: y(t) = Acdot sin(omega_c t) + begin{matrix}frac{M}{2} end{matrix} left[sin((omega_c + omega_m) t + phi) + sin((omega_c omega_m) t phi)right]., Therefore, the modulated signal has three components, a carrier wave and two sinusoidal waves (known as sidebands) whose frequencies are slightly above and below omega_c., Also notice that the choice A=0 eliminates the carrier component, but leaves the sidebands. That is the DSBSC transmission mode. To generate double-sideband full carrier (A3E), we must choose: A ge M., For more general forms of m(t), trigonometry is not sufficient. But if the top trace of 2 depicts the frequency spectrum, of m(t), then the bottom trace depicts the modulated carrier. It has two groups of components: one at positive frequencies (centered on + ωc) and one at negative frequencies (centered on − ωc). Each group contains the two sidebands and a narrow component in between that represents the energy at the carrier frequency. We need only be concerned with the positive frequencies. The negative ones are a mathematical artifact that contains no additional information. Therefore, we see that an AM signals spectrum consists basically of its original (2-sided) spectrum shifted up to the carrier frequency. For those interested in the mathematics of 2, it is a result of computing the Fourier transform of: [A + m(t)]cdot sin(omega_c t),,using the following transform pairs: begin{align} m(t) quad stackrel{mathcal{F}}{Longleftrightarrow}quad M(omega) \ sin(omega_c t) quad stackrel{mathcal{F}}{Longleftrightarrow}quad i pi cdot [delta(omega +omega_c)-delta(omega-omega_c)] \ Acdot sin(omega_c t) quad stackrel{mathcal{F}}{Longleftrightarrow}quad i pi A cdot [delta(omega +omega_c)-delta(omega-omega_c)] \ m(t)cdot sin(omega_c t) quad stackrel{mathcal{F}}{Longleftrightarrow} frac{1}{2pi}cdot {M(omega)} * {i pi cdot [delta(omega +omega_c)-delta(omega-omega_c)]} \ = frac{i}{2}cdot [M(omega +omega_c) M(omega -omega_c)] end{align} In terms of the positive frequencies, the transmission bandwidth of AM is twice the signals original (baseband) bandwidth—since both the positive and negative sidebands are shifted up to the carrier frequency. Thus, double-sideband AM (DSB-AM) is spectrally inefficient, meaning that fewer radio stations can be accommodated in a given broadcast band. The various suppression methods in Forms of AM can be readily understood in terms of the diagram in 2. With the carrier suppressed there would be no energy at the center of a group. And with a sideband suppressed, the group would have the same bandwidth as the positive frequencies of M(omega)., The transmitter power efficiency of DSB-AM is relatively poor (about 33%). The benefit of this system is that receivers are cheaper to produce. The forms of AM with suppressed carriers are found to be 100% power efficient, since no power is wasted on the carrier signal which conveys no information. Modulation index As with other modulation indices, in AM, this quantity, also called modulation depth, indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its original level. For AM, it relates to the variations in the carrier amplitude and is defined as: h = frac{mathrm{peak value of } m(t)}{A} = frac{M}{A}, where M,and A,were introduced above. So if h = 0.5, the carrier amplitude varies by 50% above and below its unmodulated level, and for h = 1.0 it varies by 100%. To avoid distortion in the A3E transmission mode, modulation depth greater than 100% must be avoided. Practical transmitter systems will usually incorporate some kind of limiter circuit, such as a VOGAD, to ensure this. Variations of modulated signal with percentage modulation are shown below. In each image, the maximum amplitude is higher than in the previous image. Note that the scale changes from one image to the next. Amplitude modulator designs This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008) This article only describes one highly specialized aspect of its associated subject. Please help improve this article by adding more general information. (October 2009) Circuits A wide range of different circuits have been used for AM, but one of the simplest circuits uses anode or collector modulation applied via a transformer. While it is perfectly possible to create good designs using solid-state electronics, valved (vacuum tube) circuits are shown here. In general, valves are able to more easily yield RF powers, in excess of what can be easily achieved using solid-state transistors. Most high-power broadcast stations still use valves. Anode modulation using a transformer. The tetrode is supplied with an anode supply (and screen grid supply) which is modulated via the transformer. The resistor R1 sets the grid bias; both the input and outputs are tuned LC circuits which are tapped into by inductive coupling Modulation circuit designs can be broadly divided into low and high level. Low level Here a small audio stage is used to modulate a low power stage; the output of this stage is then amplified using a linear RF amplifier. Advantages The advantage of using a linear RF amplifier is that the smaller early stages can be modulated, which only requires a small audio amplifier to drive the modulator. Disadvantages The great disadvantage of this system is that the amplifier chain is less efficient, because it has to be linear to preserve the modulation. Hence Class C amplifiers cannot be employed. An approach which marries the advantages of low-level modulation with the efficiency of a Class C power amplifier chain is to arrange a feedback system to compensate for the substantial distortion of the AM envelope. A simple detector at the transmitter output (which can be little more than a loosely coupled diode) recovers the audio signal, and this is used as negative feedback to the audio modulator stage. The overall chain then acts as a linear amplifier as far as the actual modulation is concerned, though the RF amplifier itself still retains the Class C efficiency. This approach is widely used in practical medium power transmitters, such as AM radiotelephones. High level With high level modulation, the modulation takes place at the final amplifier stage where the carrier signal is at its maximum Advantages One advantage of using class C amplifiers in a broadcast AM transmitter is that only the final stage needs to be modulated, and that all the earlier stages can be driven at a constant level. These class C stages will be able to generate the drive for the final stage for a smaller DC power input. However, in many designs in order to obtain better quality AM the penultimate RF stages will need to be subject to modulation as well as the final stage. Disadvantages A large audio amplifier will be needed for the modulation stage, at least equal to the power of the transmitter output itself. Traditionally the modulation is applied using an audio transformer, and this can be bulky. Direct coupling from the audio amplifier is also possible (known as a cascode arrangement), though this usually requires quite a high DC supply voltage (say 30 V or more), which is not suitable for mobile units. See also * AM radio * Mediumwave band used for AM broadcast radio * Longwave band used for AM broadcast radio * Frequency modulation * Shortwave radio almost universally uses AM, narrow FM occurring above 25MHz. * Modulation, for a list of other modulation techniques * Amplitude modulation signalling system (AMSS), a digital system for adding low bitrate information to an AM signal. * Sideband, for some explanation of what this is. * Types of radio emissions, for the emission types designated by the ITU * Airband * Quadrature amplitude modulation References * Newkirk, David and Karlquist, Rick (2004). Mixers, modulators and demodulators. In D. G. Reed (ed.), The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications (81st ed.), pp.15.1-15.36. Newington: ARRL. ISBN 0-87259-196-4. Pulse-amplitude modulation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Principle of PAM; (1) original Signal, (2) PAM-Signal, (a) Amplitude of Signal, (b) Time Overview Pulse-amplitude modulation, acronym PAM, is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. Example: A two bit modulator (PAM-4) will take two bits at a time and will map the signal amplitude to one of four possible levels, for example −3 volts, −1 volt, 1 volt, and 3 volts. Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every symbol period. Pulse-amplitude modulation is widely used in baseband transmission of digital data, with non-baseband applications having been largely superseded by pulse-code modulation, and, more recently, by pulse-position modulation. In particular, all telephone modems faster than 300 bit/s use quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). (QAM uses a two-dimensional constellation). Usage of Pulse-amplitude modulation in Ethernet It should be noted, however, that some versions of the widely popular Ethernet communication standard are a good example of PAM usage. In particular, the Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T2 medium, running at 100Mb/s, utilizes 5 level PAM modulation (PAM-5) running at 25 megapulses/sec over two wire pairs. A special technique is used to reduce inter-symbol interference between the unshielded pairs. Later, the gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T medium raised the bar to use 4 pairs of wire running each at 125 megapulses/sec to achieve 1000Mb/s data rates, still utilizing PAM-5 for each pair. The IEEE 802.3an standard defines the wire-level modulation for 10GBASE-T as a Tomlinson-Harashima Precoded (THP) version of pulse-amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels (PAM-16), encoded in a two-dimensional checkerboard pattern known as DSQ128. Several proposals were considered for wire-level modulation, including PAM with 12 discrete levels (PAM-12), 10 levels (PAM-10), or 8 levels (PAM-8), both with and without Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding (THP). amplitude modulation DEFINITION- Also see modulation. Amplitude modulation (AM) is a method of impressing data onto an alternating-current (AC) carrier waveform.The highest frequency of the modulating data is normally less than 10 percent of the carrier frequency.The instantanous amplitude (overall signal power) varies depending on the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating data. In AM, the carrier itself does not fluctuate in amplitude.Instead, the modulating data appears in the form of signal components at frequencies slightly higher and lower than that of the carrier.These components are called sidebands. The lower sideband (LSB) appears at frequencies below the carrier frequency; the upper sideband (USB) appears at frequencies above the carrier frequency.The LSB and USB are essentially mirror images of each other in a graph of signal amplitude versus frequency, as shown in the illustration.The sideband power accounts for the variations in the overall amplitude of the signal. When a carrier is amplitude-modulated with a pure sine wave, up to 1/3 (33 percent) of the overall signal power is contained in the sidebands.The other 2/3 of the signal power is contained in the carrier, which does not contribute to the transfer of data.With a complex modulating signal such as voice, video, or music, the sidebands generally contain 20 to 25 percent of the overall signal power; thus the carrier consumes 75 to 80 percent of the power.This makes AM an inefficient mode.If an attempt is made to increase the modulating data input amplitude beyond these limits, the signal will become distorted, and will occupy a much greater bandwidth than it should.This is called overmodulation, and can result in interference to signals on nearby frequencies. Analog modulation methods A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave. Common analog modulation techniques are: * Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Double-sideband modulation (DSB) Â § Double-sideband modulation with unsuppressed carrier (DSB-WC) (used on the AM radio broadcasting band) Â § Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) Â § Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC) o Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM), Â § SSB with carrier (SSB-WC) Â § SSB suppressed carrier modulation (SSB-SC) o Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB, or VSB-AM) o Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) * Angle modulation o Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous frequency of the modulating signal) o Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous phase shift of the modulating signal) AMPLITUDE MODULATION How it works. We know that something as simple as a crystal diode (rectifier) can be used to capture sound from the air and put it into a pair of earphones or an amplifier and speaker. How can this work? We will cover that here and now. All AM (Amplitude Modulation) detectors work basically the same way. What is AM? What we can hear as audio is classically considered to be the frequency range between 20 and 20,000 cycles per second (here after referred to as cycles and abandoning hertz) which I have never liked). In reality most adults can only hear up to about 13,000 cycles. Most speakers cant reproduce anything lower than 30 cycles in spite of the exaggerated claims of proud owners. So lets be generous and call audio 30 to 15,000 cycles. Radio frequencies are between 8,000 cycles and 50,000 megacycles. Thats right there is a range of frequencies that depending on how they are treated can be audio or radio. The AM radio band begins at 540 kilocycles. For simplicity lets say that we want to transmit a 10,000 cycle tone on a radio transmitter operating on 250 kilocycles. The 250 kc transmitting frequency is called the carrier wave because it may be thought of as carrying the audio. The 10,000 cycle audio frequency is called the modulating frequency. We may get into side-bands later. In the above the upper wave is the modulating wave and three cycles of it can be seen. The lower wave is the modulated carrier wave and 75 cycles are visible. (You can count them for yourself or take my word for it.) Notice as the modulating wave goes up the total amplitude of the carrier wave (measured from negative peak to positive peak) goes up. As the modulating wave goes down the amplitude of the carrier wave goes down. When the modulating wave is at zero (the point where it begins and ends) the carrier wave is at its middle or unmodulated value. Think of the modulating wave as controlling a valve that the carrier wave is passing through. (I have direct conformation from England, thats why the British call tubes valves.) The carrier wave can then be sent to an antenna which radiates it out for all the world to hear. Detecting the signal Detection is the word applied to the process of recovering the audio frequencies from the radio frequency carrier. In the case of amplitude modulation it is very simple. All we need to do is to rectify the signal. Rectification is the process used in power supplies to change AC to DC. Its really quite similar for detecting radio signals. Compare the carrier wave in the below with the one in the above. The wave has been run through a rectifier which removed the bottom half of every cycle. If we draw a line connecting the peaks we have the original modulating signal back again. Connecting the peaks is done by using a capacitor to charge up to the peak value and discharge through a resistor just fast enough to follow the modulating frequency but not so fast as to cause a large variation at the carrier frequency. The frequencies chosen for this drawing are fairly close together to make it possible to see the individual cycles on your computer screen. When dealing with the AM broadcast band the carrier frequencies range from 540 kc to 1600 kc. 10,000 cycles is the absolute upper limit for audio on AM and most transmitters only make it to about 8,000 cycles. Look back at the diagram of the crystal set. Use your back button to return here. If you are familiar with power supply circuits you will recognize it as a half wave rectifier with a capacitor to filter out ripple. The resistor makes the capacitor discharge just fast enough but not too fast. A much more rigorous discussion of AM, including side bands, is available by clicking here. This includes not only AM but SSB and FM. AMPLITUDE MODULATION Amplitude modulation or AM as it is often called, is a form of modulation used for radio transmissions for broadcasting and two way radio communication applications. Although one of the earliest used forms of modulation it is still in widespread use today. The first amplitude modulated signal was transmitted in 1901 by a Canadian engineer named Reginald Fessenden. He took a continuous spark transmission and placed a carbon microphone in the antenna lead. The sound waves impacting on the microphone varied its resistance and in turn this varied the intensity of the transmission. Although very crude, signals were audible over a distance of a few hundred metres, although there was a rasping sound caused by the spark. With the introduction of continuous sine wave signals, transmissions improved significantly, and AM soon became the standard for voice transmissions. Nowadays, amplitude modulation, AM is used for audio broadcasting on the long medium and short wave bands, and for two way radio communication at VHF for aircraft. However as there now are more efficient and convenient methods of modulating a signal, its use is declining, although it will still be very many years before it is no longer used. What is amplitude modulation? In order that a radio signal can carry audio or other information for broadcasting or for two way radio communication, it must be modulated or changed in some way. Although there are a number of ways in which a radio signal may be modulated, one of the easiest, and one of the first methods to be used was to change its amplitude in line with variations of the sound. The basic concept surrounding what is amplitude modulation, AM, is quite straightforward. The amplitude of the signal is changed in line with the instantaneous intensity of the sound. In this way the radio frequency signal has a representation of the sound wave superimposed in it. In view of the way the basic signal carries the sound or modulation, the radio frequency signal is often termed the carrier. What is amplitude modulation, AM Amplitude Modulation, AM When a carrier is modulated in any way, further signals are created that carry the actual modulation information. It is found that when a carrier is amplitude modulated, further signals are generated above and below the main carrier. To see how this happens, take the example of a carrier on a frequency of 1 MHz which is modulated by a steady tone of 1 kHz. The process of modulating a carrier is exactly the same as mixing two signals together, and as a result both sum and difference frequencies are produced. Therefore when a tone of 1 kHz is mixed with a carrier of 1 MHz, a sum frequency is produced at 1 MHz + 1 kHz, and a difference frequency is produced at 1 MHz 1 kHz, i.e. 1 kHz above and below the carrier. If the steady state tones are replaced with audio like that encountered with speech of music, these comprise many different frequencies and an audio spectrum with frequencies over a band of frequencies is seen. When modulated onto the carrier, these spectra are seen above and below the carrier. It can be seen that if the top frequency that is modulated onto the carrier is 6 kHz, then the top spectra will extend to 6 kHz above and below the signal. In other words the bandwidth occupied by the AM signal is twice the maximum frequency of the signal that is used to modulated the carrier, i.e. it is twice the bandwidth of the audio signal to be carried. Amplitude demodulation Amplitude modulation, AM, is one of the most straightforward ways of modulating a radio signal or carrier. The process of demodulation, where the audio signal is removed from the radio carrier in the receiver is also quite simple as well. The easiest method of achieving amplitude demodulation is to use a simple diode detector. This consists of just a handful of components:- a diode, resistor and a capacitor. AM diode detector AM Diode Detector In this circuit, the diode rectifies the signal, allowing only half of the alternating waveform through. The capacitor is used to store the charge and provide a smoothed output from the detector, and also to remove any unwanted radio frequency components. The resistor is used to enable the capacitor to discharge. If it were not there and no other load was present, then the charge on the capacitor would not leak away, and the circuit would reach a peak and remain there. Advantages of Amplitude Modulation, AM There are several advantages of amplitude modulation, and some of these reasons have meant that it is still in widespread use today: * It is simple to implement * it can be demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few components * AM receivers are very cheap as no specialised components are needed. Disadvantages of amplitude modulation Amplitude modulation is a very basic form of modulation, and although its simplicity is one of its major advantages, other more sophisticated systems provide a number of advantages. Accordingly it is worth looking at some of the disadvantages of amplitude modulation. * It is not efficient in terms of its power usage * It is not efficient in terms of its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth equal to twice that of the highest audio frequency * It is prone to high levels of noise because most noise is amplitude based and obviously AM detectors are sensitive to it. Summary AM has advantages of simplicity, but it is not the most efficient mode to use, both in terms of the amount of space or spectrum it takes up, and the way in which it uses the power that is transmitted. This is the reason why it is not widely used these days both for broadcasting and for two way radio communication. Even the long, medium and short wave broadcasts will ultimately change because of the fact that amplitude modulation, AM, is subject to much higher levels of noise than are other modes. For the moment, its simplicity, and its wide usage, mean that it will be difficult to change quickly, and it will be in use for many years to come

Of Mice and Men Intro and Conc

Introduction and conclusion to ‘of mice and men’ essay Introduction My topic of this essay is ‘How John Steinbeck develops the character of Lennie throughout the novel’ My first point is that Steinbeck develops Lennie’s character very frequently throughout the novel however there are times where Lennie doesn’t develop at all such as when he says ‘im gonna tend the rabbits’ over and over again this shows how Lennie hasn’t developed and keeps going on about the same thing and shows no change at all.Also the fact that Lennie is portrayed as a child links to this as children always rant for something over and over again another quote to show this would be ‘an im gonna live off the fatta the land’ which shows that Lennie has hopes and dreams like a child does. This fact links to the point that John Steinbeck likes children a lot and says that children have a sense of specialty so this is maybe why Steinbeck has decid ed to portray the character of Lennie in this manner. ConclusionOverall I think that John Steinbeck has developed the character of Lennie many times throughout the novel and mainly this links to the ‘Lacan mirror theory’ which shows that children only really express their real identities when they see themselves for the first time in a mirror and this fact links to Lennie as he doesn’t know his own strength until he crushes Curley’s hand this shows that Lennie doesn’t know himself very well and therefore shows development in his character as he is becoming more independent and bold but there are also times where he reforms into a child again.Lastly I would like to say that there have been various developments in Lennie’s character and John Steinbeck has carried them out in a very structured way.

Transgressing Prescribed Gender Roles in Shakespeare Essay

Transgressing prescribed gender roles in As You Like It Shakespeares As You Like It is both a gentle, pastoral comedy and a complicated, dark debate on the relationship between love, power and gender construction. At the centre of the play is Rosalind, arguably one of Shakespeares most engaging, witty, intelligent, and lovable female characters. Rosalind is the epitome of Elizabethan femininity: beautiful, chaste, and charitable; and yet she is able to transcend traditional gender boundaries to become a powerful masculine figure, allowing Shakespeare to call into question the serious nature of gender and identity, while also adding to the comic relief of the play through the use of dramatic irony. The serious potential of†¦show more content†¦She repeatedly deflates Orlandos conventional rhetoric and corrects his over-idealisation love and gender. This comes out most clearly in her reply to Orlandos claim that if Rosalind rejects him, then he will die. The poor world is almost six thousand years old, and in this time there was not any man died in his own person, videlicet, in a love-cause... Men have died from time to time and worms have eaten them, But not for love. (4.1.81-92) Rosalinds masculine disguise essentially allows her to acquire a certain freedom, in which she is able to give advice, and associate as an equal among other men. This freedom also gives her the ability to initiate the courtship with Orlando. Such power does Rosalind possess in this stage of the play, that much like the character of Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream Rosalind becomes a director of the play (Dash 211). Bring us to this sight, and you shall say Ill prove a bust actor in their play (3.4.54-55) Here the role of Rosalind is decisive, and much of ones response to the play depends upon ones response to her as a character. Through her masculine disguise, she acquires the ability to manipulate characters such as Orlando and Phebe, and ultimately determine their fate, as well as the fate of the play. Here, it is important to note that despite Rosalinds use of disguise, as an audience we do notShow MoreRelatedCross Gender Dressing2838 Words   |  12 PagesSociety plays a role in prescribing appropriate and inappropriate behavior. How a man and a woman are supposed to dress are unwritten codes of behavior that most people tend to follow. Cross-dressers represent a group that is defiant of established norms as they opt to dress in ways contrary to their gender assignment. Further controversy surrounds the issue of cross-dressing particularly because there is little consensus on its definition. There is also debate on the distinction, if any, that existsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology

Atheism, Evolution And Secular Humanism Masquerading As...

Atheism, Evolution and Secular Humanism Masquerading As Science Against the Bible and Creation By Richard Ruhling | Submitted On February 20, 2014 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Richard Ruhling Science depends on research. Consider our limited opportunities--our lives are brief; our vision is limited; and we can make huge mistakes, when it comes to events we think were before Bible history. Here are a few examples: How often the supposed deductions from some scientists are revised or cast aside; With what readiness the assumed period of the earth s development is from time to time increased or diminished by millions of years; How the theories advanced by different scientists conflict with one another, Considering all this, do we prefer to trace our descent from germs and mollusks and apes when we could have an infinitely better genealogy: God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him? Genesis 1:27. We will look at some scientific evidence below, but first we see Bible history is supported by the science of archeology back to Genesis 11. a chapter with the Towel of Babel that is the basis of the European Union poster, Europe: Many